Or, is mass public meddling just opening the door for problems? And how does open-source software compare to proprietary software in terms of security?
Two ESET malware researchers took to the LABScon stage this year to deconstruct sophisticated attacks conducted by two well-known APT groups
ESET researchers have discovered Deadglyph, a sophisticated backdoor used by the infamous Stealth Falcon group for espionage in the Middle East
ESET researchers document OilRig’s Outer Space and Juicy Mix campaigns, targeting Israeli organizations in 2021 and 2022
Android 14 is the third major Android release with Rust support. We are already seeing a number of benefits:
- Productivity: Developers quickly feel productive writing Rust. They report important indicators of development velocity, such as confidence in the code quality and ease of code review.
- Security: There has been a reduction in memory safety vulnerabilities as we shift more development to memory safe languages.
These positive early results provided an enticing motivation to increase the speed and scope of Rust adoption. We hoped to accomplish this by investing heavily in training to expand from the early adopters.
Scaling up from Early Adopters
Early adopters are often willing to accept more risk to try out a new technology. They know there will be some inconveniences and a steep learning curve but are willing to learn, often on their own time.
Scaling up Rust adoption required moving beyond early adopters. For that we need to ensure a baseline level of comfort and productivity within a set period of time. An important part of our strategy for accomplishing this was training. Unfortunately, the type of training we wanted to provide simply didn’t exist. We made the decision to write and implement our own Rust training.
Training Engineers
Our goals for the training were to:
- Quickly ramp up engineers: It is hard to take people away from their regular work for a long period of time, so we aimed to provide a solid foundation for using Rust in days, not weeks. We could not make anybody a Rust expert in so little time, but we could give people the tools and foundation needed to be productive while they continued to grow. The goal is to enable people to use Rust to be productive members of their teams. The time constraints meant we couldn’t teach people programming from scratch; we also decided not to teach macros or unsafe Rust in detail.
- Make it engaging (and fun!): We wanted people to see a lot of Rust while also getting hands-on experience. Given the scope and time constraints mentioned above, the training was necessarily information-dense. This called for an interactive setting where people could quickly ask questions to the instructor. Research shows that retention improves when people can quickly verify assumptions and practice new concepts.
- Make it relevant for Android: The Android-specific tooling for Rust was already documented, but we wanted to show engineers how to use it via worked examples. We also wanted to document emerging standards, such as using thiserror and anyhow crates for error handling. Finally, because Rust is a new language in the Android Platform (AOSP), we needed to show how to interoperate with existing languages such as Java and C++.
With those three goals as a starting point, we looked at the existing material and available tools.
Existing Material
Documentation is a key value of the Rust community and there are many great resources available for learning Rust. First, there is the freely available Rust Book, which covers almost all of the language. Second, the standard library is extensively documented.
Because we knew our target audience, we could make stronger assumptions than most material found online. We created the course for engineers with at least 2–3 years of coding experience in either C, C++, or Java. This allowed us to move quickly when explaining concepts familiar to our audience, such as “control flow”, “stack vs heap”, and “methods”. People with other backgrounds can learn Rust from the many other resources freely available online.
Technology
For free-form documentation, mdBook has become the de facto standard in the Rust community. It is used for official documentation such as the Rust Book and Rust Reference.
A particularly interesting feature is the ability to embed executable snippets of Rust code. This is key to making the training engaging since the code can be edited live and executed directly in the slides:
In addition to being a familiar community standard, mdBook offers the following important features:
- Maintainability:
mdbook testcompiles and executes every code snippet in the course. This allowed us to evolve the class over time while ensuring that we always showed valid code to the participants. - Extensibility: mdBook has a plugin system which allowed us to extend the tool as needed. We relied on this feature for translations and ASCII art diagrams.
These features made it easy for us to choose mdBook. While mdBook is not designed for presentations, the output looked OK on a projector when we limited the vertical size of each page.
Supporting Translations
Android has developers and OEM partners in many countries. It is critical that they can adapt existing Rust code in AOSP to fit their needs. To support translations, we developed mdbook-i18n-helpers. Support for multilingual documentation has been a community wish since 2015 and we are glad to see the plugins being adopted by several other projects to produce maintainable multilingual documentation for everybody.
Comprehensive Rust
With the technology and format nailed down, we started writing the course. We roughly followed the outline from the Rust Book since it covered most of what we need to cover. This gave us a three day course which we called Rust Fundamentals. We designed it to run for three days for five hours a day and encompass Rust syntax, semantics, and important concepts such as traits, generics, and error handling.
We then extended Rust Fundamentals with three deep dives:
- Rust in Android: a half-day course on using Rust for AOSP development. It includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java.
- Bare-metal Rust: a full-day class on using Rust for bare-metal development. Android devices ship significant amounts of firmware. These components are often foundational in nature (for example, the bootloader, which establishes the trust for the rest of the system), thus they must be secure.
- Concurrency in Rust: a full-day class on concurrency in Rust. We cover both multithreading with blocking synchronization primitives (such as mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using futures).
A large set of in-house and community translators have helped translate the course into several languages. The full translations were Brazilian Portuguese and Korean. We are working on Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese translations as well.
Course Reception
We started teaching the class in late 2022. In 2023, we hired a vendor, Immunant, to teach the majority of classes for Android engineers. This was important for scalability and for quality: dedicated instructors soon discovered where the course participants struggled and could adapt the delivery. In addition, over 30 Googlers have taught the course worldwide.
More than 500 Google engineers have taken the class. Feedback has been very positive: 96% of participants agreed it was worth their time. People consistently told us that they loved the interactive style, highlighting how it helped to be able to ask clarifying questions at any time. Instructors noted that people gave the course their undivided attention once they realized it was live. Live-coding demands a lot from the instructor, but it is worth it due to the high engagement it achieves.
Most importantly, people exited this course and were able to be immediately productive with Rust in their day jobs. When participants were asked three months later, they confirmed that they were able to write and review Rust code. This matched the results from the much larger survey we made in 2022.
Looking Forward
We have been teaching Rust classes at Google for a year now. There are a few things that we want to improve: better topic ordering, more exercises, and more speaker notes. We would also like to extend the course with more deep dives. Pull requests are very welcome!
The full course is available for free at https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/. We are thrilled to see people starting to use Comprehensive Rust for classes around the world. We hope it can be a useful resource for the Rust community and that it will help both small and large teams get started on their Rust journey!
Thanks!
We are grateful to the 190+ contributors from all over the world who created more than 1,000 pull requests and issues on GitHub. Their bug reports, fixes, and feedback improved the course in countless ways. This includes the 50+ people who worked hard on writing and maintaining the many translations.
Special thanks to Andrew Walbran for writing Bare-metal Rust and to Razieh Behjati, Dustin Mitchell, and Alexandre Senges for writing Concurrency in Rust.
We also owe a great deal of thanks to the many volunteer instructors at Google who have been spending their time teaching classes around the globe. Your feedback has helped shape the course.
Finally, thanks to Jeffrey Vander Stoep, Ivan Lozano, Matthew Maurer, Dmytro Hrybenko, and Lars Bergstrom for providing feedback on this post.
Once you’ve made it past the initial screening process and secured that all-important interview, it’s time to seal the deal. These 10 tips will put you on the right track.
When you import a third party library, do you review every line of code? Most software packages depend on external libraries, trusting that those packages aren’t doing anything unexpected. If that trust is violated, the consequences can be huge—regardless of whether the package is malicious, or well-intended but using overly broad permissions, such as with Log4j in 2021. Supply chain security is a growing issue, and we hope that greater transparency into package capabilities will help make secure coding easier for everyone.
Avoiding bad dependencies can be hard without appropriate information on what the dependency’s code actually does, and reviewing every line of that code is an immense task. Every dependency also brings its own dependencies, compounding the need for review across an expanding web of transitive dependencies. But what if there was an easy way to know the capabilities–the privileged operations accessed by the code–of your dependencies?
Capslock is a capability analysis CLI tool that informs users of privileged operations (like network access and arbitrary code execution) in a given package and its dependencies. Last month we published the alpha version of Capslock for the Go language, which can analyze and report on the capabilities that are used beneath the surface of open source software.
This CLI tool will provide deeper insights into the behavior of dependencies by reporting code paths that access privileged operations in the standard libraries. In upcoming versions we will add support for open source maintainers to prescribe and sandbox the capabilities required for their packages, highlighting to users what capabilities are present and alerting them if they change.
Capabilities vs Vulnerabilities
Vulnerability management is an important part of your supply chain security, but it doesn’t give you a full picture of whether your dependencies are safe to use. Adding capability analysis into your security posture, gives you a better idea of the types of behavior you can expect from your dependencies, identifies potential weak points, and allows you to make a more informed choice about using a given dependency.
Capslock is motivated by the belief that the principle of least privilege—the idea that access should be limited to the minimal set that is feasible and practical—should be a first-class design concept for secure and usable software. Applied to software development, this means that a package should be allowed access only to the capabilities that it requires as part of its core behaviors. For example, you wouldn’t expect a data analysis package to need access to the network or a logging library to include remote code execution capabilities.
Capslock is initially rolling out for Go, a language with a strong security commitment and fantastic tooling for finding known vulnerabilities in package dependencies. When Capslock is used alongside Go’s vulnerability management tools, developers can use the additional, complementary signals to inform how they interpret vulnerabilities in their dependencies.
These capability signals can be used to
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Find code with the highest levels of access to prioritize audits, code reviews and vulnerability patches
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Compare potential dependencies, or look for alternative packages when an existing dependency is no longer appropriate
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Surface unwanted capability usage in packages to uncover new vulnerabilities or identify supply chain attacks in progress
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Monitor for unexpected emerging capabilities due to package version or dependency changes, and even integrate capability monitoring into CI/CD pipelines
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Filter vulnerability data to respond to the most relevant cases, such as finding packages with network access during a network-specific vulnerability alert
Using Capslock
We are looking forward to adding new features in future releases, such as better support for declaring the expected capabilities of a package, and extending to other programming languages. We are working to apply Capslock at scale and make capability information for open source packages broadly available in various community tools like deps.dev.
You can try Capslock now, and we hope you find it useful for auditing your external dependencies and making informed decisions on your code’s capabilities.
We’ll be at Gophercon in San Diego on Sept 27th, 2023—come and chat with us!
Ballistic Bobcat is a suspected Iran-aligned cyberespionage group that targets organizations in various industry verticals, as well as human rights activists and journalists, mainly in Israel, the Middle East, and the United States
Do you know what types of scams and other fakery you should look out for when using a platform that once billed itself as “the front page of the Internet”?
Closing intrusion vectors force cybercriminals to revisit old attack avenues, but also to look for new ways to attack their victims
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